This in turn would provide a greater understanding of the deportment of Bi-bearing minerals, impacting on the design of mineral processing flow sheets and reducing waste, and thereby improving the sustainability and environmental footprint of mineral deposits. The knowledge base for bismuth can be improved upon through interventions at the exploration, resource and reserve reporting and mineral processing planning stages. ![]() Alternative supplies of Bi could be unlocked by greater consideration of bismuth by-production at the evaluation stage of polymetallic prospects elsewhere, and if more sustainable recovery techniques are developed for retrieval of Bi from conventional mineral processing circuits. VMS deposits can host minor Bi mineralisation, typically associated with the Au-rich parts of the mineralised system.īismuth supply is strongly reliant on Asian production notably the skarns deposits Núi Pháo in Vietnam and Shizhuyuan in China. Bismuth is present in trace concentrations in porphyry-hosted Mo-W-mineralisation and in some reduced intrusion-related Au, as well as some orogenic Au, deposits. Bismuth also occurs in large magmatic systems such in Sn- and W-rich greisens and associated veins as native bismuth and bismuthinite. The most common sources of Bi are W-, Pb-, and, occasionally, Au-rich skarns, while five element (Co-Ni-Bi-Ag-As±U) vein deposits were historically a major source of native Bi. In the weathering environment Bi is generally immobile: it forms Bi oxide or hydroxide ochres or co-precipitates with Fe.īismuth is found in a range of mineralised systems, sometimes in sufficient quantities to be economically extracted as a co-product. Bismuth alloys with gold to form maldonite at temperatures <373 ☌, thereby acting as a Au collector in felsic melts, particularly under reduced conditions. Bismuth can substitute for Pb in galena and Bi-rich galena is a major Bi ore. It occurs within a diverse range of minerals the most important hydrothermal minerals are native bismuth and bismuthinite. ![]() The element is strongly concentrated in felsic crustal lithologies, particularly fractionated granites, where it can substitute for Zr in zircon. Bismuth is mainly chalcophile in behaviour, although it has some lithophile characteristics. ![]() Demand for Bi is increasing, mostly as a substitute for Pb and for use in chemicals. Its classification as a critical raw material by the European Commission in 2017 and a critical mineral the USA in 2018 has, however, reawakened interest in Bi production and its security of supply. PMID: 36950159 | PMC: PMC10025342 | DOI: 10.3389/ occurs in a wide range of mineral deposit types and is usually regarded as a deleterious by-product. aureus 10340, some sub-inhibitory concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics are able to promote biomass and biofilm viability of both two isolates. aureus isolates, 10340, showed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, penicillin, ampicillin, meropenem, streptomycin and kanamycin, some of which promoted the formation of biofilm and biofilm viability at low concentrations.ĬONCLUSION: Despite the large differences in the genetic background of S. This suggested that strains 10340 were genotypically very different. Strain 121940 carried the icaA, icaD, icaBC, atl, and agr genes, not the aap gene, and MLST and SCCmec typed as ST546 and IV, respectively. RESULTS: Strain 10379 carried the icaD, icaBC, and MRSA genes, not the icaA, atl, app, and agr genes, and MLST and SCCmec typing was ST45 and IV, respectively. According to their specific MIC, different concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics were used to study its effect on biomass content and biofilm viability. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using a broth dilution method. Then, the crystal violet (CV) test and XTT were used to detect biomass content and biofilm activity. PCR was combined with bioinformatics analysis to detect multilocal sequence typing (MLST) and SCCmec types, to study the genetical correlation between the tested strains. ![]() METHODS: Biofilm formation and methicillin resistance genes were tested using PCR and multiplex PCR. PURPOSE: Our aim was to evaluate the biofilm formation of 2 genetically diverse Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 10340, under different concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics on biomass content and biofilm viability.
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